A Christadelphian Resource



This Blogspot is dedicated to collecting material from all sides of the debate on women's service in the ecclesia. The intention is to signpost folks to Christadelphian (and general Christian) writings and audio-visual material on this topic, which discuss three differing views, that women should have:

  1.  different service from men
  2.  similar service to men
  3.  the same service as men 
There is also a specific section on head coverings. The General section gives definitions of the terms complementarian and egalitarian and includes general resources that do not argue for a particular view.

So, why "more perfectly"?

"More perfectly" is a catchy little KJV phrase used by Luke, when he explains that: "Aquila and Priscilla … took [Apollos] unto them, and expounded unto him the way of God more perfectly" (Acts 18:26). We liked the grammatical strangeness of the phrase - how can you become more perfect? Surely, a thing is either perfect or it is not?

But understanding something "more perfectly" also made perfect sense - as we can always understand scripture more perfectly - especially when it comes to the role of women in the ecclesia.


Our Sole Objective

This Blogspot does not set out to argue one view or another. There is one main objective:

  1. to ensure that all brothers and sisters fully understand the scriptural arguments as to why there are different views on this important topic. And in understanding each other better, we pray that we might avoid strife and anger, and truly listen to one another, discussing with kindness and gentleness (2 Timothy 2:24-26).
In short: One great principle we need to be reminded of when studying and discussing any controversial topic, is the Apostle John's powerful warning:
"Whoever says, “I am in the light,” while hating a brother or sister, is still in the darkness. Whoever loves a brother or sister lives in the light, and in such a person there is no cause for stumbling. But whoever hates another believer is in the darkness, walks in the darkness, and does not know the way to go, because the darkness has brought on blindness" (1 John 2:9-11).
Brother Alfred Norris' comments on these verses are apposite:
“Just get into the habit of presuming that your understanding of the ways of God is better than your brother’s , and it will not be long before you despise him and teach others to do so. And then you shall be back in the darkness from which you came” (Alfred Norris, Acts and Epistles, p. 787).

We pray for the blessing of our Father and his son, our Lord Jesus Christ as we search the scriptures together.

Equal - Biblical Context of Writings Silencing Women by Robin Jones*



There are just 2 passages in the Bible that silence women.

Not found in the 4,000-year history of the Old Testament, nor in the teachings of Jesus, the silencing of women seems to come out of nowhere in the writings of Paul. New teachings that would shape the Church for the next 2,000 years.

Yet the reality is that Paul would be horrified to see how these teachings would become wrongly attributed to him. As we’ll see, Paul encouraged women to prophesy with equal status to men.

The passages notoriously lifted from their context are found in 1 Corinthians 14 and 1 Timothy 2.


Women in the ecclesia: the case for considering change by a New Zealand working group*

 

Summary

We have undertaken an exhaustive study of the scriptural arguments for both the current position and alternative views. We feel strongly that there should be an ongoing dialogue within the ecclesia to find a path to embracing diversity, in love, with open hearts, focused on building each other up on our walk to the Kingdom.


Women in the ecclesia: the case for considering change

A Response to Peter Anderton’s letter to Ian & Averil McHaffie by Jim Bahr*

 

Paul sets the precedent of writing open letters.

In May 2021, Bro. and Sis. McHaffie wrote an Open Letter to the Christadelphian Magazine expressing their concerns with a recent series of articles by Bro. Peter Anderton about the roles of sisters in the ecclesia. In June Bro. Peter provided his response to their concerns.

I’d like to offer a few observations on Bro. Peter’s response, in the hope they will further clarify the important issues involved.

  1. Will the articles and the Christadelphian magazine’s publishing of them lead to division? Bro. Peter says that was not his intention. I believe him. Nonetheless his and the magazine’s inability to see and accept the possibility that there can be valid understandings of I Cor. 14 and I Tim. 2 other than their own may, as the McHaffie’s were concerned, lead in that direction. This uncompromising opinion will embolden highly conservative brothers and sisters to resist any change in how we do things. What might happen, as a consequence of this resistance when and if an entire ecclesia agrees to let the sisters read the Bible to the ecclesia during a memorial service? When and if an ecclesia decides it is proper for sisters to lead the prayers out loud or preside at the memorial service? When and if an ecclesia chooses to have sisters deliver a word of exhortation? Will a nearby ecclesia or even the CMPA decide this ecclesia is no longer “in fellowship”? Seems quite possible.

    Somehow, such an outcome must be avoided. I lack the wisdom to know how. Perhaps Paul’s teaching to the Romans in chapters 14 and 15 can help. Somehow the community must find ways to both respect the views of those who think sisters ‘leading’  is wrong and the views of those who think sisters fully participating is important, so important that they sometimes choose to abandon our community for some other. I can only wonder how many young women have already left or never joined. It is not at all obvious how both views could co-exist within one ecclesia, short of one view or the other surrendering. I also remain puzzled why conservative brothers think that the various roles denied to sisters on Sunday mornings constitute ‘leadership’? It would be more proper to see them as servantship.

  2. Bro. Peter seems to find the open letter method unacceptable. I would ask how else can topics of concern, views that are (to some) ‘outside-the-box’, be publicly discussed when the leadership of our community refuses to publish such alternative views. Paul had no issues with publishing negative comments when needed in epistles that he would surely have known would become widely circulated (I Cor. 5:1-5, I Tim. 1:19-20, II Tim. 4:14-15). Given the community’s sad history in the 19th and early 20th century of frequent divisions, I can actually understand why the more official publications like the Christadelphian would not want to air potentially divisive issues. Given that, open letters are one of the few viable alternatives, as official magazines will not publish alternative views and many Bible schools choose to prohibit discussion of such matters.

  3. Bro. Peter’s discussion of the translation of adelphoi is incomplete. He doesn’t cite the well-established ancient history of using the word in a gender-inclusive way.  He argues against consistently translating it that way, but no one is arguing for a 100% consistent translation, rather that both textual and cultural context should determine the translation. His citation of I Cor. 14:34 as proof that I Cor. 14:26 refers to brothers alone only works if one has already decided what vs. 33-36 are saying. Circular logic. His review of a wide range of Bible translations to argue that ‘brother’ is the best translation grants far too much authority and credibility to translators – these are, after all, people who also affirm heaven-going and Trinitarian formulations. A much deeper study is needed to clarify how adelphoi should be translated in any given text.

  4. Differences in understanding the Bible’s teachings on the service of sisters in the ecclesia may really be a manifestation of a difference in how one reads the Bible.

    Christadelphians have long realized that not everything the Bible says is true and authoritative at face value. One prominent example would be the story of Lazarus and the rich man. We have always understood that the view of life after death it presents is not a true view. The New Testament’s use of ‘Satan’ may be another example. Similarly, we have long recognized that some admonitions/commands to first century ecclesias in the epistles are not binding on us, but reflect customs and popular understandings of those days and cultures. I will cite I Thess.5:26 (‘greet the brethren with a holy kiss’ – maybe in France but not in the US or UK!); I Tim. 2:8 (‘men should pray lifting up holy hands’ – does anyone do this?); and Jas. 5:14 (‘call for the elders…. let them pray over him, anointing him with oil’ - do any Arranging Boards routinely visit the sick and anoint with oil?).

    I might argue Christadelphians have not been consistent in these approaches. Some see the relevant texts about sisters as binding in every age. Some of us would instead propose that in I Corinthians 14 and I Timothy 2 Paul is advising, perhaps we should say commanding, the brothers and sisters how to behave in their situations back then and these verses have no relevance to their roles in our times. It is hard to know, maybe even impossible, what was going on in Corinth with the women present in meeting that made Paul’s admonition in I Cor. 14:34 necessary. The situation in Ephesus is more obvious.

    One manifestation of reading the Bible without consideration of cultural context is Bro. Peter’s citation of the apparent exclusivity of males in positions of leadership throughout the Bible. He calls this the Bible’s ‘general understanding’. He seems unaware and/or unopen to the possibility that this is not at all a teaching of the Lord but only a reality necessitated by the patriarchy of the cultures of those times. The question is not whether women often became leaders. Nor is the question whether equal numbers of men and women are gifted for leadership. The question is whether women’s leadership and exercise of authority, on the rare occasions where we see it, had God’s approval or disapproval. It had God’s approval. He apparently discounts that sisters were the first to learn of Jesus’ resurrection and were sent by him to be leaders/witnesses to that new reality. He seems unable to imagine that the many sisters mentioned in Romans 16 might be there because they were leaders in the ecclesia in Rome. Has he forgotten Deborah’s leadership of Israel in Judges 4-6? These examples of women’s leadership with God’s approval are inconsistent with there being a principle that women may never lead men or exercise authority over them. His mistaken view that the Bible authoritatively teaches that leadership should be the role of only males in the ecclesia then determines his mis-understanding of I Cor. 14 and I Tim. 2.

The way forward for our community is found in Romans 15:7: "Welcome and receive [to your hearts] one another, then, even as Christ has welcomed and received you, for the glory of God" (AMPC).

Jesus, himself, prays for the unity of those who will follow him (John 17:11, 20–23), so that the world will know that he was sent by the Father. In a Christ-centred view of the world, this is a vitally important objective. The apostolic instruction to make every effort to maintain unity requires a fresh conversation on a basis of mutual respect. Meanwhile we are to receive one another as the Lord has received all of us (Rom. 15:7).


sitting by Jane Robson*

sitting

Busy brothers bustle about,
Bible-reading,
Breaking bread.

silent sisters sit...

Patriarchal pedants preach,
Petition, prophecy,
Pray, preside.

silent sisters …

Talkative teachers translating texts,
Tutor, train,
Tell.

silent s…

Loving Lord listens.
Leans in.
Looks.

Lifts their veil to illuminate.
Gently
rebukes.

‘I sent these women to you,
my message made quite clear
for those whose eyes are open,
for those with ears to hear.

The Father heart, and my heart,
our thoughts and spirits one,
call out to all who love us,
‘Embrace our union.’

So human-made divisions
are not considered just.
Welcome to the Kingdom.
Come, and sit – with us.’

Jane Robson updated 31.5.21

Second Response from CMPA to Averil & Ian McHaffie's Open Letter

 


From Brother John M. Hellawell by post received on 17 May 2021

 

13th May 2021

 Dear Bro Ian & Sis. Averil,

 I write to acknowledge the receipt of your open letter to which I hope to respond more fully in due course*. As it is a large document of some 32 pages it may take some time to undertake a consideration of it and, if appropriate, prepare a response.

As a member of the Christadelphian Magazine Committee, you will appreciate that, along with the other seven members, I am fully satisfied by the position adopted by the Editor and Assistant Editor.

I note that you cite Bro. John Thomas at the foot of your first page. What was the situation of sisters in his day?

Your brother by grace,

[Signed]

John M. Hellawell

* It is highly likely that there will be a combined response from the CMPA Committee. If so, I shall consider that this to be sufficient and therefore not necessary for me to respond any further.


From Averil and Ian to Brother John  Hellawell by email on 17 May 2021

 Dear Brother John,

 Many thanks for replying to us so promptly. We realise that it will take a while to respond to our long Open Letter and we express our thanks for the time that you and the others on the committee will spend in examining it.

We quoted from Dr Thomas’ magazine, Herald of the Kingdom and Age to Come, 1859, because the principles for Bible interpretation printed there are very relevant to all ages: use “passages which speak ... in positive and unequivocal language”; “No doctrine should be predicated upon mere inference, neither upon one isolated text of Scripture”.

These were not composed by Dr Thomas himself. They were sent in by a brother, but Dr Thomas obviously approved.

We consider these principles are not observed in the three articles in March, April,  May 2021 in The Christadelphian.

 You ask us a question: “What was the situation of sisters in his day?

 That would probably take several books to answer. In our book All One (published in 2010) we give a detailed analysis of positive and negative attitudes towards sisters. We attach our book to this email. [Click here for] chapter 30: “Attitudes to Women inChristadelphian Writings” (pages 255-280).

 Here is one quote from The Christadelphian, in 1883 (admittedly after Dr Thomas’ time as he died in 1871). It suggests that “circumstances alter cases”:

 ... I want to tell you of these humble, simple worshippers that I met with that summer. To begin with, I wonder if “circumstances alter cases” in matters of the truth as in everything else. Be that as it may, I do not see how that little ecclesia ever could have lived had the sisters not taken an active part in the worship. …. Those eight, each and everyone, took a part in the meeting, and I have never since seen such zeal, enthusiasm, and devotion. One brother read the lesson, a second prayed, a third took charge of the table, and a fourth led in singing. One sister read from the Christadelphian; second, the thoughts she had noted down during the week, when reading her daily lessons; third, selection of hymn; and fourth, she always did the same thing—read a few verses from the Bible (“A Sister’s Narrative for Sisters, On Attaining the Truth Under Difficulties”, The Christadelphian, July 1, 1883, page 315).

 We are sending this to the members of the CMPA whose emails are available to us, and as we explained in our Open Letter, we are placing the responses we receive on the Internet.

 With many thanks, again, for the considerations you and the others give to examining these matters.

 With love and best wishes in Jesus,

 Averil & Ian

 

 

 

 

First response from the Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association to Averil & Ian McHaffie's open letter*


From Brother Tecwyn Morgan by email on 14 May 2021

 Dear Sister Avril and Brother Ian,

Loving greetings in Jesus

It was nice to hear from you both this morning and to know that you’re well. Thank you for copying the material to all the CMPA Committee members, which we would otherwise have had to do. It will take us a while to reply to you as you have given us plenty to think about and work through. But as you have been writing and speaking about this subject for years now, a few more weeks shouldn’t  be too problematic.

Of course we are not trying to engineer a split in the brotherhood, as you say someone has suggested. We are trying to be faithful to Scripture teaching, as you are also; and we have been explaining our understanding of that teaching in recent issues, starting with the series “Working Together” and more recently with Brother Peter’s three articles. I have read your publications over the years and we have to agree to disagree about the correct interpretation of the various key passages. As you know, there has been a lot of controversy about these passages in the religious world over many years, so they are not straightforward. 

We will spend some time together working through the various points you have raised and will send you a corporate reply when we have an agreed response.

In the meantime Mary and I send our love

With love in the Lord,

Tecwyn

PS I posted this yesterday and got a notification today that it had bounced. I had spelt your email address wrongly!

 

From Averil and Ian to Brother Tecwyn Morgan on 16 May 2021

 Dear Tecwyn,

 It’s some years since we last met, so thank you for the greetings and love from you and Mary. We hope you are both well.

 We are pleased that you acknowledge that we are trying to be faithful to Scripture teaching as you are. We hope you extend that understanding to those brothers and sisters and their ecclesias where they now accept inclusive male-female involvement.

 The CMPA entry in the ALS diary reads: “The CMPA supports ecclesias and organisations worldwide…. Where appropriate it assists the Brotherhood worldwide in ecclesial and fellowship matters.”

 If the CMPA is to live up to that claim, it should be willing to allow reasonable biblical presentations on the relevant passages, especially because, as you say, “they are not straightforward”. Instead, The Christadelphian presents only one view and then implies by the series of articles that those Christadelphians who disagree with the CMPA interpretation are deliberately avoiding what Scripture says:

“When approaching this subject we should not start creating our own laws, but neither should we search for ways to work around what scripture says” (The Christadelphian, March 2021, page 113).

Another of your writers in the “Working Together” series wrote:

The argument for sisters speaking, reading, praying, and leading ecclesias has no justification from the Scriptures. Instead it is a prime example of the temptation to amend our beliefs in order to fit in with the world around us.” (Cross-referenced by the writer, The Christadelphian, July 2020, page 314)

When the integrity of your brothers and sisters seems to be under attack in remarks like these, can you wonder that it has been said that CMPA is seeking to engineer a split?

 The Magazine already demonstrates a divide since it refuses to publish information on Christadelphian events where sisters speak.

 The Christadelphian community has changed considerably on this issue and a number of ecclesias are discussing it right now. By publishing only one side you are likely to be stirring up those who object to these changes. Instead, it would be helpful if you allowed publication of the biblical analysis by those members of our community who see a different way of honouring Bible teaching.  That would at least allow brothers and sisters to understand why different conclusions are reached by faithful believers, and improve the likelihood of being able to agree to differ.

 Involved in the things on which we need to agree to differ is the application of practices in the New Testament. Jesus specifically told his disciples to wash one another’s feet (John 13:14-15), but we don’t do it: we understand His instruction to mean that we should serve one another in whatever ways are appropriate. Likewise with anointing with oil (James 5:14); we don’t do it: we understand it to mean that we should show care, and provide whatever help and support we can. The apostle Paul says that men should pray, lifting up holy hands (1 Timothy 2:8); but we don’t follow that instruction either; we understand it to mean we should pray reverently. In other words, we aim to go by the principle, not by the literal practice. Many of us consider this Christadelphian understanding applies also to 1 Corinthians 11:2-16. The application is for both brothers and sisters to act and dress modestly when they (brothers or sisters) speak and pray.

 We ask therefore that you all, as individuals and as a committee, issue a statement that as individuals and as a community we need to be prepared to agree to differ, even though another brother or sister or another ecclesia sees the Scriptures on these matters in an alternative light. It is important to state that differences on these issues should not be regarded as matters of fellowship. They should be a matter of individual personal conscience. That way you will encourage unity and avoid giving any support to those who might, because of the above printed statements, feel inclined to force a division. Unity is in itself an important biblical principle (John 17:20-21, Ephesians 4:1-6).

 We look forward to your responses and, as we said, will place these on the Internet.

 We’ll email this to the rest of the CMPA to save you forwarding it.

 With love in Jesus,

 Averil & Ian

 


Working Together: Sisters Speaking by Peter Anderton*

 


A series of three articles on sisters speaking in the March, April & May issues of The Christadelphian.


Why I no longer wear a head covering by a sister*

 


A redacted letter I sent to the ABs of my ecclesia.


1. 1 Corinthians 11:5 specifies that Paul’s instructions are relevant IF a woman is praying and prophesying. Since women neither pray nor prophesy in our ecclesia, on this basis alone, we need not cover our heads.

2. It was the custom of the Corinthians’ society in Paul’s day that married women covered their heads with part of their dress (similar to a sari in India). To remove their head covering in public was as if they were rejecting their marital vows. Paul uses the cultural interpretation of the disgrace in a woman’s short or shaven hair to illustrate the similar interpretation of disgrace society would place on married women removing their head covering. Our culture no longer interprets short/shaven hair as shameful for a woman and neither do married women cover their heads. Head coverings, therefore, do not have the same symbolic value as in Paul’s day.

3. When I first came to [my ecclesia], my understanding was that [our] ecclesia allowed sisters to make a conscience decision whether or not to wear a head covering. For at least ten years I have not considered head coverings necessary for women and yet I have worn one. Why? I have primary done so as a gesture of harmony towards the ecclesia’s general culture of wearing one. I have also not considered it a sufficiently important issue to promote changes because [our] ecclesia wasn’t going to make an issue of a woman not wearing a head covering.

4. This changed when the statement from the ABs came out mid-2017, and when I learned that [a sister] had been accosted for not wearing a head covering. I decided that I would double check my reasoning and stop wearing a head covering if this reasoning stood. Why? Because I want to represent [our] ecclesia as a place of good Bible interpretation and tolerance on matters of conscience to young people, “weaker” brethren, and preaching contacts. I feel I am strong enough in my spiritual principles and willing to take the heat for my actions; therefore, I believe it is my responsibility to enable a space for people of a different conscience and interpretation of head coverings who are not as strong or who feel discouraged or intimidated by a uniform stance.

5. For me, growing up in a rather conservative side of Christadelphia, head coverings became a symbol of the power and control men wanted to have over women and their general lack of respect for our spiritual, economic and physical vulnerability. Head covering were a way to police women’s submission and a sign of our inferiority. I appreciate that many, if not most, brothers and sisters in [our] ecclesia would find this corrupted symbology completely foreign and false. I am glad for them and appreciate the honour they see in the wearing of a head covering. Unfortunately, I am also aware that for many sisters this symbology is too inextricably linked with the power and control from brothers and their experiences of a corrupted and abused doctrine of male headship. Combine this with a lack of scriptural support for continuing the Corinthians’ practice (see points 1 and 2) and suddenly there is a powerfully off-putting message in any pressure to wear a head covering.

6. Finally, I confess that my own visceral reaction to the ABs statement was one of disbelief and anger. I found it difficult to believe that such a statement was made in the context of the coming conference when we are actively trying to pursue unity in the broader community, and in a climate of discussion about domestic violence (and its abuses of scriptural headship). I can only presume that the ABs had contextualised the issue very differently to me. I felt angry because this decision, this pressure, seemed to be made without consultation with people of a different interpretation and without a concurrent space for members of the ecclesia to discuss the topic and educate or re-educate ourselves on what exactly this symbology is. I acknowledge how easy it is to not know what you don’t know. I have been humbled many times over the years by the things I have said and done and assumed out of unawareness or lack of exposure to complexity. I also appreciate what a delicate balance it is for Arranging Brethren to act on scriptural principles while managing ecclesial diversity and harmony. It’s not easy. We’re always learning. I wanted to put forward my reasoning in a calm but honest manner so that others can understand my approach.

Then and Now by Sarah Joiner*


 

 "In the process of becoming an established religion— Christianity, which became the world’s ruling religion in the fourth century— practices that allowed for women’s leadership were silenced in favor of an institution that conformed to the gender concepts and hierarchies of its day. Jewish women in the Jesus movement (and perhaps also in very early Christianity) had more freedom and leadership roles than women in the established Christianity that followed. The New Testament serves as testimony to this development" (Amy-Jill Levine; Marc Zvi Brettler. The Jewish Annotated New Testament (p. 614). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition).

Ironically, something similar-but-different happened within Christadelphianism. Namely, ninteenth century Christadelphian women seemed to have had more freedom than they would in many ecclesias today. Robert Roberts ensured that: 1. women could vote in the decision making meetings of the ecclesia - contrary to Victorian society where women could not vote (Robert Roberts: The Ecclesial Guide, 1883); 2. head coverings were not seen as a matter of fellowship, nor deemed an important enough topic to argue about ("Female Head-dress", The Christadelphian, April 1895, p140); 3. women on arranging committees had his endorsement (even though there is no mention of women standing for office in The Ecclesial Guide written 13 years earlier, Robert Roberts expresses a more nuanced and affirming view in: A Voyage to Australia, pages 141-142, Saturday 29 February 1896). It seems to me that women in the Suffolk Street (unamended) ecclesias had more liberty to give Bible presentations to mixed audiences than in central fellowship - especially in Christadelphian Mutual Improvement Societies (see The Fraternal Visitor, Vol XX, No 236, May 1905, page 145). When reunion took place in the 1950s, this liberty was seemingly quashed. Summary As Christianity progressed in the early centuries, women had leadership roles with-held from them. So too today, many Christadelphian women are more constricted than they were 150 years ago - but this now runs counter to Western culture, and forms a man-made barrier to preaching the gospel. If only the early Christadelphians had scrutinized what the Bible said about women as closely as what it said (or didn't say) about the trinity and the devil. Just as these false doctrines gained traction in the third and fourth centuries, so too did the false teaching about women's silence in the church. For more on this topic see, and the key Bible passages that appear to talk about women's silence: https://launchbury.blog/biblical/christ-and-gender/ Sources 1. https://moreperfectly.blogspot.com/2021/01/attitudes-to-women-in-christadelphian.html 2. https://moreperfectly.blogspot.com/2019/12/robert-roberts-on-head-coverings.html

Christ and Gender Roles by John Launchbury*

 Please visit John's webpage on Christ and Gender

Christ and Gender Roles
Traditionally Christianity has called for gender-distinctions in religious service. This is based on a handful of verses together with inferences from other contexts. In this series of classes we argue that the traditional understanding is flawed.

1. A case to be addressed
Christadelphians are used to wrestling with the complexity of scripture, rather than simply taking the superficial meaning of complex verses. We show that the verses usually used for teaching gender-distinctions in religious service deserve another (and closer) look.



2. Women Speaking for God
There are many scriptural accounts of women speaking on behalf of God, spread across many hundreds of years. There is a power to reviewing their calling and message. And it provides a clear demonstration that God himself has called women to positions of spiritual teaching and leadership. This provides important context for when we next study specific key passages.



3. Key Passages
In the previous talk we saw that God had appointed women to vocal prophetic roles through history, and this included the Corinthian assembly to which Paul writes. In this talk we we examine the three New Testament passages that contain explicit directives often used to establish gender-distinction teachings. Our goal is to resolve the apparent contradiction between these verses and God’s actions. This class completes the sequence of three classes that address the major points about gender-role distinctions – we close with a summary of the case and consider implications for today.






"Lesson 16: Men and Women in the Church" from Senior Sunday School Lessons Book 3 by ACSSU*

Overview 

In Genesis 1:26-28, God made man as male and female in His image. Both man and woman had a direct relationship with God, and each shared jointly the responsibility of having dominion over the created order. In Galatians 3:28, Paul wrote that “There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.” In the new creation, we are still all equal.


There are no cases in Jesus’ teaching or actions that he condones women being in submission. Quite to the contrary, there are a host of illustrations that set Jesus against his Jewish context. Jesus had women disciples; Jewish rabbis did not have women disciples. He talked with women in public; rabbis did not approve of speaking to women in public. He touched women; rabbis would condemn that. He had friendships with many women like Mary and Martha; women travelled with him; some wealthy women supported him and his disciples in their ministry and were identified with him. The first time Jesus confessed his Messiahship was to a gentile woman. Women were standing by the cross, and women were also the first witnesses to the resurrection of Jesus.


In the early church, there are many examples where women were, in fact, engaged in significant ministries in the church. For example, 1 Corinthians 11 and Acts 21:9 demonstrate that women prayed and prophesied in the early church. Women shared in the leadership roles within the early church. Paul mentions his good friend Phoebe in Romans 16, who is called “a deacon” and a “helper” in the church – words that imply a leadership position. Other texts that speak of women sharing in roles are 1 Timothy 3, 1 Timothy 5 and Titus 2.


There are two main views on the roles of men and women, which in Christian circles are referred to as egalitarian and complementarian. 


  • The complementarian view stresses submission and dependence. In the church context, this means a woman’s role is to be in submission to her husband, with the males taking all leadership roles and performing duties. This view, perhaps the more common in the Christadelphian church, is based in understanding the relationship of God to Christ to man to woman – these are based on passages in Paul’s letters in 1 Corinthians 11, 1 Timothy 2 and Ephesians 5.

  • The egalitarian view argues that there is no Scriptural reason for women not to share in leadership and to fully participate in the church. This view still takes the above texts seriously, but it does not begin and end with them. It points out that if we come into those passages from a wider understanding of the positions of men and women before God, we can come to a radically different conclusion.



So then, how are we meant to reconcile this with Paul’s other writings - in these passages, where women are not to speak (I Corinthians 14) or to teach (I Timothy 2)?


The egalitarian view states that it is important to acknowledge the principle of context – namely, that a text must be treated within its author, audience and time. From this perspective, one can understand these two passages in the context of Paul’s dealing with specific problems in the church at the time. 

  • In I Corinthians 14:33-40, Paul is concerned with orderly worship. The principle is that all things are to be done “decently and in order.” It seems that the church was in disarray– people were speaking in tongues with interpretation and preaching without waiting for each other. One of the issues seems to have been married women interrupting the service by asking questions. The church seating was likely divided, as many synagogues still are today – with the men and women sitting on different sides of the room. You can imagine women calling across to their husbands or somehow interrupting the service by asking questions! We cannot be certain that this was the background; the historical evidence is unclear. But whatever the background, Paul was dealing with the question of order; he was not laying down a law for the church until the end of time.


  • In I Timothy 2:11-14, there would be no point in saying women should not teach unless they were doing it. In the context, certain women were clearly teaching heretical things. There was no secular or religious education for women in the ancient world. The synagogue did not permit women to study the Torah. This put women in a very vulnerable situation where they could gain little understanding of the scriptures from which to draw their understanding. Many of these women fell back on local superstition (worship of Artemis). In response to this situation, Paul suggests that women should not teach in the church.


Thus, Paul is addressing specific issues in specific churches at specific times. These passages are not necessarily laws for the rest of time to separate men and women in the exercise of their spiritual gifts in the church. Today, women have, in general society, in the church, and in theological institutions, the same opportunities to study and to develop their teaching gifts as men.


Paul teaches that in the new community of God’s people, all believers have been reconciled with God and each other. All stand equal before God without distinction or race or gender. The comments Paul makes concerning the role of women in the church do not deal with the question of serving in official capacities in the church. Instead the issue is a link between ministry and decorum which disrupted worship at that time.


The church should acknowledge that God has given gifts to all and discern these irrespective of gender. Men and women together should function in the church in the joyful knowledge that they are fully reconciled and equal as believers in Christ and as members of his body. 


The Bible Says 

  • Ephesians 5:21; 1 Peter 5:5 Submit to one another. 

  • Romans 16:1-16 Paul mentions many women who serve in the church. 

  • Colossians 3:10-11 Christ is in all. 

  • 1 Peter 4:10-11 Use our gifts for God “as stewards of God’s grace”. 

  • Galatians 5:1 and 3:28-29 We have freedom from the old law. 

  • 1 Timothy 2:11-15 I suffer not a woman to teach (AV). 

  • 1 Corinthians 14: 34-40 All things should be done decently and in order. 

  • 1 Peter 3:1-8 Instructions to godly living for men and women.


Discussion Points 

  1. What does Genesis 3:16 mean to you? God tells Eve: “Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you.” Was this a curse that God placed on women? Or was it a prophecy of the way women would be treated? Has it been superseded by Jesus? 

  2. Consider Jesus’ interactions with women (e.g. woman at the well in John 4, woman caught in adultery in John 8, with Mary and Martha in John 11). What appears to be his attitude?

  3. Is there significance in John 20 for Jesus appearing to Mary after his resurrection and commissioning her to tell the world, when women were not regarded by the Jews as reliable witnesses? 

  4. In Acts, churches were in the homes of Christian citizens. How do you think a house church would have been conducted? Can you find any comments about how they worshipped? 

  5. Review the two short passages 1 Timothy 2:11-15 and 1 Corinthians 14:34-40. Construct the argument in your own words and then add a justification for the limitation of the roles of women in the church. 

  6. Consider the argument that restrictions in the involvement of women in teaching as being about roles established by God, and nothing to do with equality. Review the passage in question 5 again. Construct the argument in your own words and then add a justification for there being no distinction between the roles of men and women in the church. Consider what you would say to women who may believe that they are “second-rate citizens” of the kingdom of God. 

  7. In many churches where there is a hierarchy, most roles are filled by men. Can you find any evidence of this pattern in the first-century church? Which functions could be carried out by both men and women?

  8. Are there functions in church services which could be carried out by men and women? Consider church services you have attended.


Additional Sources 


Complementary roles approach: 

  1. AACE paper 11 (2012) Principles Concerning the Roles of Brothers and Sisters. Available online at https://aace.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/11-Complementary-Roles.pdf 

  2. Byrnes, Colin (2011) God Christ Man Woman, Christadelphian Scripture Study Service. 

  3. Hyndman, Rob (ed.) (2002) The Way of Life, Bethel Publications, Beechworth. Ch.64.

Egalitarian roles approach: 

  1. Hurley, James (1985) Man and Woman in Biblical Perspective, Intervarsity Press UK. *

  2. Jones, Robin (2013) One Father, One Teacher, One Head: Women in worship. Available online at https://alsowritten.wordpress.com/2018/10/18/one-father-one-teacher-one-head-women-in-worship/ 

  3. Kroeger Richard and Catherine (1994) I Suffer Not a Woman, Baker Book House, Michigan. A close study of 1 Timothy 2:11-15. * 

  4. McHaffie, Averil and Ian (2010) All One in Christ Jesus. Available online at http://welivebythespirit.org/All_One_In_Christ_Jesus/All_One_In_Christ_Jesus.pdf 

  5. God and Gender. Available online at http://www.christadelphia.net/dbb10.html



ACSSU. Senior Sunday School Lessons Book 3 (Kindle Locations 1014-1020). Australian Christadelphian Sunday School Union. Kindle Edition. 


Here's the link to the free Kindle Edition of this book: Senior Sunday School Lessons Book 3.